Source Book

by L-G Mansson, S A Svennberg
Swedish Council for Building Research, D2:1993, 1993, ISBN 91 540 5513 X, 196 pp

Contents

Introduction

IEA Annex 18

• Objectives
• Scope
• Organisation
• Reports

The Source Book

• Objectives
• Target Audience
• Field of Application

The DCV Approach

Background

DCV Systems

• Objectives
• Strategies

Pollutants

• Driving Pollutant
• Key Indicator

Benefits and Limitations

Definitions

Pollutants and Indicators

Purpose

• Definitions
• Risk Discussion
• Subjective Perception versus Objective Data

Pollutants and Their Sources

• Bioeffluents
• Moisture
• Tobacco Smoke
• Particle
• Building Materials and Cleaning Substances
• The Ventilating System
• Other sources

Usable Indicators and Concentration Limits

• Humidity
• Carbon Dioxide
• Presence Indicator
• Mixed Gases
• Particles

Conclusions

• Pollutant Rating
• Indicator Selection

Sensor Types

Purpose

Guidelines

Active Elements

• Humidity Sensors
• Carbon Dioxide Sensors
• Mixed Gas Sensors (IAQ sensors)
• Occupancy Sensors

Connection to Control Systems

• Types of Control System
• Sensor Location
• Connection to Control Device

Test Laboratories

Testing and Rating

Conclusions

• Humidity Sensors
• Carbon Dioxide Sensors
• Mixed Gas Sensors
• Occupancy Sensors
• Future Development

Control Principles

Purpose

• Definitions
• Airtightness
• Control Strategies

Base Ventilation Control

• Constant 24-hour Base Ventilation
• Constant Part-Time Base Ventilation
• Pre-Ventilation with Higher Ventilation Rate
• Intermittent Forced Ventilation (Flushing)

Occupancy-Related Ventilation Control

• Constant Flow
• Clock Control
• Manual Control
• Presence Sensor Control
• Continuous Monitoring and Control

Choice of Control Strategy

Sensor Location

• General
• Mixing Ventilation Systems
• Displacement Ventilation Systems
• Regulating Ability of System
• Simulation Techniques

Summary and Conclusions

Checklist for Control Principle Choice

Feasibility Analysis

Purpose

Feasibility Factors

Analysis

Step 1: Compliance with Regulation

Step 2: Pollutant Analysis

Step 3: Building Features

Step 4: HVAC Systems

Step 5: Climate

Step 6: Potential Savings

Checklists for DCV System Design

Dwellings

Purpose

Pollutants and Indicators

• Driving Pollutants
• Other Pollutants
• Comfort
• Humidity Control Strategy

Ventilation Principles

• Options
• Supply & Exhaust
• Recirculation
• Flow Rate
• Standalone Systems

Natural Ventilation Systems

• System Design
• Sensor Type and Location

Mechanical Systems

• Exhaust Ventilation
• Supply Ventilation
• Supply & Exhaust Ventilation
• Sensor type and Location

Energy Savings

Recommendations

Schools and Day Nurseries

Purpose

• Building Types
• Ventilation System Types
• Building Use and Occupant Load

Driving Pollutant

• Carbon Dioxide
• Moisture
• Volatile Organic Compounds
• Thermal Comfort

Ventilation Principles

• Ventilation Strategy
• Ventilation System Operation
• Comparative Flow Rate Demands
• Window Airing
• System Regulating Ability
• System Response Time

System Design

• Ventilation Equipment in the Room
• Central System
• Distributed System
• Quality and Risk

Sensor Type and Location

Energy savings

• Window Airing
• Comparison of Strategies
• Dilution of Pollutants

Recommendation

• General
• Design
• Operation

Checklist

Auditoriums

Purpose

• Auditorium Ventilation
• Driving Pollutant
• Subjective IAQ Response versus Objective Data
• Other Pollutants
• Comfort

Control Strategy

• System Regulating Ability

Ventilation Strategy

• Air Flow Pattern

System Description

• Variable Air Flow
• Return Air

Sensor Type and Location

Performance

• Energy Savings

Recommendations

Checklist

Offices and Office Buildings

Purpose

Driving Pollutant

Ventilation Strategy

• "Free Cooling Cycles"
• Air Leakage
• Other Pollutants

Subjective Response versus Objective Data

Comfort

Energy Savings

Control Strategies

• Meeting Rooms
• Office Buildings

Checklist

Operation and Maintenance

Purpose

Operation and Maintenance Strategies

Balancing

Quality Assurance

Commissioning

Operational Routines

Inspection Routines

• Final Inspection and Commissioning
• Regular Routine Inspections by the Operator
• Periodical Audit of Energy Conservation and Function

Maintenance and Renewal Routines

Operators Manual

Regular Staff Training

Checklist for the Design of DCV Systems

Conclusions and Recommendations

Potential Benefits

DCV Strategies

• Perequisites
• Design Considerations
• Cautions

Applications

Recommendations

• DCV Option for Energy Savings
• Systems to Support DCV
• Building Use
• Sensors

Future Developments

Appendices

Appendix A: Terminology

Appendix B: Calculation for Feasibility Analysis

Appendix C: Calculation of RH on Surfaces

Appendix D: List of References

Appendix E: Annex 18 National Representatives